05 Text 2

Should nuclear weapons be permitted in our world?

On a planet where we continue to struggle and fight despite having a so-called civilised world we continue to try to have the upper-hand, to be the biggest, strongest and ultimately most feared, which is often confused with being respected. A hot-topic in our current climate is the worldwide dilemma of nuclear weapons, if we should have them, who should have them and what would happen if one day someone decides to throw the first punch.

It can be argued by certain countries that they need them for their own protection. But seeing as this is then the reason other nations use to justify their own possession of nuclear weapons, a vicious circle begins to appear. Globally around 30,000 nuclear weapons are held by various countries. More than one thousand five hundred of them ready to launch at a moment’s notice. On average, each has a destructive power thirty times that of the Hiroshima bomb.

The scientific breakthroughs which led to the creation of the first atomic bomb came about in the 1930s. Under the fear of Hitler managing to develop and use them first, a secret project entitled the ‘Manhattan Project’ got underway. Despite peaceful intentions, with the US President, Truman, in charge, a first test was ordered resulting in the devastating and infamous event, Hiroshima.

The 20th century also saw the 44 year-long Cold War take place. Despite little fighting actually occurring in this so-called war, nuclear weapons remained poised, ready for use if need be. They have since been used as threats and deterrents by numerous countries, but what would happen if one day someone does let loose

Total disaster. Survivors would not be numerous. In a nuclear war, mass fatalities is imminent, survival is futile. The global disaster would destroy all plant life and cause more damage to the o-zone layer, allowing in even more radiation. Any human near the blast-zone would probably have only 15 seconds until the 4,000 degree heat wave reached them with a shock wave following close behind.

But it’s not only the initial blast that kills people, but the mass radiation. Gamma rays – the deadliest form of radiation – can penetrate body tissue and flesh damaging vital organs and causing cancer. Radiation sickness would spread worldwide. A lot of the earth by the first week of a nuclear war would already be contaminated. Any food left around with opened containers would be contaminated, animals would be too contaminated to eat and life would be unbearable for people to sustain.

It could mark the end of the world as we know it. Let’s hope we will not experience this in our lifetime. But with Iran and North Korea, as well as many other countries which possess these weapons, posing a threat, we can never be sure. A nuclear war does not presently seem probable, nonetheless, a nuclear war can come at any time with no warning.

04 Tasks 1

Questions about the text:

  • What type of text is this? Who is the speaker addressing? Paint a picture of the scene.
  • Give some examples of language used by the speaker to show the audience she is one of them.
  • Can individuals make a difference? Explain.
  • Describe the circumstances of those without water. What are their living situations like?
  • What is the speaker’s opinion of our Western ways?
  • What does the speaker want to do?

Questions about you:

  • Is water a luxury? Why do some people say yes?
  • Are you conscious of how much water you use?
  • Should we do more to help those without water?
  • Do you consider yourself a philanthropist?
  • If you had the time, and drive to help a group of people in the world, who would you help?
  • How equal are our human rights distributed around the world?

Your turn:

  • Prepare in advance. Prepare a speech of your own, tackling a world issue. Try to be argumentative and persuasive. Be ready to answer any questions afterwards that your teacher may have.

03 Text 1: The rights of individuals

Some would argue that water is a luxury. Those greedy capitalist are not worth my time. My goal, my aim, the meaning of my life is to aid those in need, to diffuse human rights over every expanse of land on our planet. That is why I am here before you today. As an individual, what can we achieve? Sure we can come up with a new invention, write an amazing book or learn to play the piano, but as a race, we can go so far beyond. What I propose to you, my fellow philanthropists, is to rally together to create something so incredible, so remarkable, to change the way people view the world.

As you are here listening to me, there is an overwhelming portion of the world’s population which is living in squalor, shanty towns, on the sand plains of the Sahara and without life’s essence. Something we take incessantly for granted, that we waste, that we literally flush away all day everyday. And why do we do it? Because it’s there? Yes. Because we live in an egotistical society where we have forgotten how to care about others? Certainly. Every year a fifth of the world’s population dies from dehydration. A fifth. Now is the time to act.

What I propose to you is to assemble together; start a collaboration. Go to your jobs, your children’s schools, your local shops, your gym, your bank, your local council, find everyone who will listen and draw out their inner philanthropist too. All it will take is a small donation from each individual, either a one-off collection or a monthly deposit. With this money we can start to send out more people to the most downtrodden of villages, to those most in need and instal a pump. That’s it, that’s all these people need, no fancy cars, no new iPhone, just a simple pump to deliver them life’s essence. It will take a lot of work, and I’m not saying it will be easy, but one pump will last for 40years. At least. It may seem like a small step but believe me, it will change so many people’s worlds and it is a good starting point for further change. Our planet is covered in water, yet not everyone can access it nor have they the resources in place to convert it to drinking water. This we can do for them.

So, I leave it to you now. Go and explain the devastating world situation to wherever you can. Spread the world of our charity and gather support. And remember, as an individual we are strong, but as a collective we are unstoppable.

02 Vocabulary

  • a squalor: the state of being extremely dirty and unpleasant, especially as a result of poverty or neglect
  • to rally: bring or come together in order to support a person or caused
  • plain: a large area of flat land with few trees
  • egotistical: excessively conceited or absorbed in oneself; self-centred
  • to draw out: to extract or make seen an inner attribution
  • downtrodden: oppressed or treated badly by people in power
  • a pump: a mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move liquids, compress gases, or force air into inflatable objects such as tyres

01 Grammar

Functions/expressions: How to…

  • Justify an argument: You need to justify your argument by giving reasons why people should listen to and believe what you are saying:
    • that is to say / in other words
    • for instance / namely / an example of this is
    • especially / in particular / notably / mainlya/
  • Express caution: Modal verbs can be used to express caution, that is to say to warn people to be prudent against possibly hazardous situations:
    • must / have to
    • should / ought to
  • Challenge arguments and opinions: When you want to state an opposite point of view you can challenge arguments and opinions by using the following phrases
    • I differ from you (entirely)…
    • I disagree with you/your idea…
    • I am of the opposite opinion…
    • I stick to my opinion…
    • I maintain the contrary…
    • In contrast to what you said, I maintain that…
  • Express empathy and sympathy: When we hear about bad things that happen to other people it’s a good idea to express empathy/sympathy. This can be difficult as we want to express our concern, but don’t want to be intrusive. Here are some common phrase to help you express this:
    • I’m sorry to hear about …
    • I really feel for …
    • Please accept my condolences. (used when someone close to another has died)
    • I hope things get better soon / they feel better soon…
  • Evaluate different standpoints. When you want to weigh up contrasting ideas you can use the following phrases:
    • on the one hand… on the other…
    • it can be said that… but also that…
    • some (people) believe that… however…
    • (idea 1)… on the contrary… (idea 2)
    • (idea 1)… although it’s worth considering… (idea 2)
    • there are people who think that… while others maintain that…
  • Express reservations. When you want to express reservations, doubts or skepticism you can use the following phrases:
    • bearing in mind the fact that…
    • given that…
    • in spite of this stumbling block…
    • unfortunately…
    • nevertheless…
    • be that as it may…
    • there is no way of knowing whether…
    • there is no denying that…
  • Express abstract ideas. When you want to express less mainstream ideas you can use the following phrases :
    • I am persuaded/convinced that…
    • this leads me to think that…
    • as far as I know…
    • it’s worth considering
    • let us suppose that…
  • Express regrets/wishes and hopes. When you want to show dissatisfaction for present circumstances you can use the following phrases :
    • regrettably / unfortunately…
    • if only…
    • with a bit of luck…
    • hopefully…
    • wouldn’t it be better if…?
    • it is to be regretted that…
  • Express assumptions. We can use some modal verbs as well as the future tense followed by your idea to express assumptions :
    • present + future = ought to / should
    • past = ought to have / should have / will have
  • Paraphrase. After an important point we can paraphrase what we have said quickly to emphasise our argument :
    • in other words…
    • that is to say…
    • to sum up…
    • what I mean is…
  • Evaluate options. It is important to evaluate options before summing up and giving a conclusion :
    • the reasoning. for this is…
    • if we accept this point of view…
    • the argument is no good, because…
    • the weak point of the argument…
    • it lacks consistency…
    • a strong argument…
  • Hypothesise. To give a hypothesis is to give a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigations. You can use the following phrases to hypothesise :
    • it seems to me that…
    • what this may/could mean is…
    • perhaps…
    • I predict that…
    • I would count on…
  • Evaluate past actions or course of events. When you want to add past actions/events to back up your argument you can use the following phrases :
    • bearing in mind…
    • we can deduce that…
    • it is of extreme importance that…
    • one has to insure that…
    • formerly…
    • at that very moment…

04 Tasks 1

ABOUT THE TEXT

  1. Why living in an urban area enriches people?
  2. What do people look for in cities?
  3. Why is it fun to live in these areas?
  4. Which are the disadvantages enumerated in the text?
  5. What does this sentence mean? Explain using your own words. “people usually live stacked like sardines”
  6. How does the text express the fact that people go always running from one place to another in big cities?
  7. Is it expensive to live in rural areas? And in cities?
  8. What do apartments look like in cities?

ABOUT YOU

  • Do you agree with the text? Why?
  • Are there any other advantages of living in urban areas?
  • What do you prefer living in a city or in a town? Reason your answer
  • Regarding the bad aspects about living in a city, is it worth it to move to these areas to look for a new life?
  • If you moved to a big city, which one would you choose? Why?
  • Would you live in a big city just for the greater access to education and culture?
  • What types of things would you take into account before moving to another place?

YOUR TURN

Your tutor is completely against urban life. He/she thinks that this way of living is very stressing and unhealthy, try to find out why he/she has this opinion and convince him/her to change his/her mind.

  • You should ask some questions to find out the reasons.
  • You should give your opinion
  • You should try to enumerate several advantages in order to sound convincing.