03 Text 1: Space travel

Ladies and gentleman, welcome to our space travel museum. Most of you, like myself, have been brought here today by your fascination of space exploration and to see what the future holds in store. Humans have dreamt about spaceflight since antiquity. The Chinese used rockets for ceremonial and military purposes centuries ago, but only in the latter half of the 20th century did we develop rockets powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity and propel us outside of the Earth’s atmosphere to open up the world of space exploration.

Practical work on rocket engine designs occurred simultaneously in three countries during the early 20th century; in Russia, the US and Germany. The 30s and 40s saw the development of long distance rockets in the form of weapons by the Nazis. This event was followed by missile programs being launched in the United States and Russia, with Russia sending the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space on 4 October 1957, and four years later Russian Lt. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth in a flight that lasted 108 minutes, the same year an American, Alan Shepard, completed a mission of flying into space. On 20 July 1969, Astronaut Neil Armstrong took ‘a giant step for mankind’ as he stepped onto the moon, a historical event which is recognised by all, all over the world, despite many skeptics and controversial theories surrounding the event.

By the early 1970s orbiting communications and navigation satellites were in everyday use, orbiting and mapping the surface of Mars, later followed by detailed images of Jupiter and Saturn, their rings and their moons.

Satellite communications expanded to carry television programmes in the 80s and even discovered a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, pinpointed forest fires and gave us photographs of the nuclear power-plant disaster in Chernobyl (1986).

Numerous space journeys took place at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st. Satellites were used to some nations’ advantage during modern conflicts, providing information on enemy troop formations. Space systems will continue to become increasingly integral to homeland defence, weather surveillance, communication, navigation, image and remote sensing for chemicals, fires and other disasters, but this is not all.

As a young lad, having learnt all about Neil Armstrong at school, I became fascinated, I wanted to become him and to see what he had seen as did many other little boys and girls. Not being an astronaut, this, I admit, could be a little tricky, but at this very moment, as you are listening to me, there are multiple companies creating space rockets for a new purpose; that of ‘space tourism’. Ok, so for the moment only the richest of the rich can afford a day trip into space, but if this is what is being created now, just try to imagine what will happen in the future! Day trips to the moon will become as commonplace as an afternoon spent bowling. A holiday on Mars will be as exotic as a break in the Caribbean. A second home on Venus? Yes please! Just as the prices of plane tickets have become affordable to all, unlike when they first came to the market, so will space tourism. What are you waiting for? Our dreams of being amongst the stars will soon become a reality!

Thank you for listening, and I’ll see you in space.

02 Vocabulary

  • antiquity – the ancient past, especially the period of classical and other human civilisations before the Middle Ages
  • Lt. = Lieutenant (pronunciation = left-tenant (British) / loo-tenant (US)) – a rank of officer in the British army, above second lieutenant and below captain
  • tricky – of a task or problem etc requiring care and skill because difficult or awkward
  • lad – a boy or young man
  • latter – occurring or situated nearer to the end of something that to the beginning / denoting the second or second mentioned of two things
  • to pinpoint – find or identify with great accuracy or precision
  • to be skeptical – to not be easily convinced : having doubts or reservations
  • operating theatre – a room in a hospital in which surgical operations are performed
  • glimpse – a momentary or partial view
  • anaesthesiologist – a doctor who deal with anaesthetics : making sure people are put to sleep before and during operations
  • tremor – an involuntary quivering movement
  • printing press – a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates
  • hearsay – something you have heard from other people : word of mouth
  • at your fingertips – to be readily available : accessible
  • to flip through something – to look through (a book, magazine etc) quickly

01 Grammar

MODAL VERBS + PERFECT INFINITIVE (PI)

Modal Verbs + PI are often used:

  • to refer to the past
  • to refer to unreal situations
  • to show that the activity was different from what we wanted – to say how confident we are that something has happened
  1. MUST + PI: expresses deduction, a logical conclusion, probability:
  • It is very cold; it must have snowed in the mountains
  • I saw him leaving; he must have killed him. X He had to kill him.

 

  1. CAN ́T/COULDN ́T + PI: expresses negative deduction:
  • She can ́t have passed such a difficult exam.
    CAN + PI: expresses impossibility or disbelief:
  • The boy couldn ́t have given a better answer than this one. X He couldn ́t give…, X He wasn ́t able to give…
  • She can ́t have missed the bus.
  1. COULD + PI:
  • You could have done it. (past reference: didn ́t do it) X You could do it. (future reference: possibility)
  1. MAY + PI: expresses the possibility that an action took place in the past:
  • The little girl may have lost the key. (It is possible that she lost the key.)

(with may – action is more probable than with might)

  1. MIGHT + PI: expresses a past possibility

– Our neighbours might have heard some noises when our car was stolen.

    MIGHT + PI continuous: expresses a possible action which was continuing at a certain moment in the past:
  • The kids might have been watching a cartoon at that time.
    NEEDN ́T + PI: expresses an unnecessary action, which was, nevertheless, performed:
  • I needn ́t have knocked at the door since, in this way, I awoke the baby. (but I knocked) You needn ́t have bought the flowers. X didn ́t need / to show that the action was not necessary but it wasn ́t performed either: I didn ́t need to knock at the door since it was open. (so I didn ́t knock)
    SHOULD + PI: indicates that the past obligation was not fulfilled or carried out:
  • You should have locked the door before leaving the house. (But you didn ́t lock it.)
    OUGHT TO + PI: expresses an unfulfilled duty or obligation:
  • Paul ought to have waited until the lights were green before he crossed the street. (But he didn ́t wait.)
  1. WOULD + PI: 3rd conditional
  • I would have gone to university if my parents had had more money. (The speaker didn ́t go to university.)